Absorption bases, emulsion bases, water soluble bases. Preparation and preservation of these ointments with industrial equipment used for processing. Define and differentiate between Ointment and creams, lotion and liniment. Give different ointment bases with examples. Discuss various methods for manufacturing of ointments. They have emollient and protective action.

Principles and methods of preparation of aromatic waters, spirits, elixirs, glycerin, linctus, solutions, milk and magmas, mucilages and special preparations like pyroxylins and flexible collodions. They are mainly used as the vehicle. For oral liquid preparations due to their flavoring.

Various parts of prescriptions ad their functions, handling of prescriptions, sources of errors, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products. Preliminary knowledge of important Latin terms used in prescriptions and their translation into English. Dispensing of Medication, Hoover. Important features of a prescription.

Metric and imperial systems of weights and measures used in prescriptions, posology, calculations of doses for infants, children, adults and elderly patients, reducing and enlarging formulae; percentage solutions, alligation methods; proof spirits; calculations involving alcohol dilutions; pH and buffer solutions, isotonic solutions; displacement value and calculations involving radio-isotopes.